The Effects of Henagliflozin on Glucose Fluctuation and Immunosenescence in Type 2 Diabetes Patients on Insulin Therapy

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for at least 6 months based on the 1999 WHO criteria. * Age between 50 and 70 years at the time of signing the informed consent form (inclusive). * Poor glycemic control despite treatment with basal insulin or insulin degludec/aspart (with or without oral antidiabetic drugs) within the 3 months prior to screening. * HbA1c level above 8%. * BMI ≥ 20 kg/m². * C-peptide levels within the normal reference range. * Able to maintain stable dietary and exercise habits during the study. * Capable of understanding the study procedures and methods, willing to strictly comply with the clinical trial protocol, and voluntarily sign the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients considered by the investigator to have potential allergies to the components of the study drug or drugs of the same class. * Use of SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists within 3 months prior to screening. * Adjustments to antidiabetic treatment regimens within 3 months prior to screening. * Hospitalization due to acute coronary syndrome (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, or unstable angina), percutaneous coronary intervention, or cardiac surgery within 30 days prior to the screening visit. * Volume depletion. * Chronic (\>2 weeks) systemic glucocorticoid therapy or use of glucocorticoids within 4 weeks prior to screening (except for topical, intraocular, intranasal, or inhaled administration). * Pregnancy, lactation, or plans for pregnancy within the next 6 months. * Persistently elevated serum transaminase levels (more than 3 times the upper limit of normal). * Renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate \[eGFR\] \< 45 mL/min/1.73 m²). * History of malignant tumors. * Presence of acute complications (e.g., ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, or hyperosmolar coma). * Systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. * Clinically significant urinary tract infections and/or genital infections, or a history of recurrent urinary tract and/or genital infections. * Any other factors deemed by the investigator to potentially affect the efficacy or safety evaluation of the study. * Participation in other clinical trials and receipt of investigational drugs within 3 months prior to screening.