Relationship Between Hemodynamic Changes and Cardiopulmonary Fitness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Diabetes mellitus being metabolic disorder, chronic in nature, is characterized by high levels of glucose in our blood, which often lead to organ dysfunction. Approximately 10.5 % of adult (20-79 years) have diabetes according to international Diabetes federation. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the capability of our cardiopulmonary system to make oxygen available to our skeletal muscles during physical activities for prolonged time, and is known to be decreased with diabetes. Hemodynamic parameters are…
Conditions studied
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM)
About this study
Diabetes mellitus being metabolic disorder, chronic in nature, is characterized by high levels of glucose in our blood, which often lead to organ dysfunction. Approximately 10.5 % of adult (20-79 years) have diabetes according to international Diabetes federation. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the capability of our cardiopulmonary system to make oxygen available to our skeletal muscles during physical activities for prolonged time, and is known to be decreased with diabetes. Hemodynamic parameters are correlated with various cardiovascular disorders but little evidence of hemodynamic changes in diabetes patients is present and more studies must be done. This study aims to establish the link between hemodynamic changes and cardiopulmonary fitness in T2DM patients, which could inform clinical practices and interventions to improve management, reduce cardiovascular risks, and enhance the quality of life for these patients.
Interventions
- Other: Exercise tolerance test — • The ETT will be performed using Bruce protocol. The Bruce protocol is a standardized treadmill exercise test used in Exercise Tolerance Testing (ETT) to evaluate cardiovascular fitness and diagnose heart conditions. This protocol is divided into seven stages, each stage duration is 3 minutes and date will be recorded at the end of the each stage. The recorded data will include heart Rate, Rate pressure product (∆RPP), HRR1 and Blood Pressure. STEP 1: Patient Preparation STEP 2: Consent and history: STEP 3: Start of ETT: • Graded Exercise STEP 4: Parameters Recorded During ETT: * Heart Rate: Monitoring heart rate response to exercise stress. * Exercise induced changes in heart rate (∆HR) along with change in rate pressure product (∆RPP) due to excercise intensity. STEP 5: Cardiopulmonary Fitness Assessment VO2 Max
Primary outcomes
- hemodynamic changes (Immediately after performing test)
- Cardiorespiratory fitness (immediately after performing test)
Eligibility information
Study locations
- bahria university Health sciences campus karachi, Karachi, Sindh 75300 Pakistan
Source: ClinicalTrials.gov. Record last refreshed by Varda Clinical: 2026-09-27.