Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Participant, or legal representative (if applicable), must be capable of understanding the purpose of the Study and have signed a written informed consent form (ICF) prior to beginning specific protocol procedures.
2. Female or male participants ≥ 18 years of age at the time of signing ICF.
3. ECOG performance status of 0 or 1.
4. Minimum life expectancy of ≥ 12 weeks at screening.
5. Unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease documented by computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that is not amenable to curative therapy.
6. For TNBC participants only:
i. Histologically confirmed TNBC of the most recent available sample per American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2018 criteria on the most recently analyzed biopsy. TNBC status is defined as \<1% expression for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (0-1+ by immunohistochemistry \[IHC\] or 2+ and negative by in situ hybridization \[ISH\] test).
7. For HR(+)/HER2(-) breast cancer participants only:
i. Histologically confirmed HR(+)/HER2(-) breast cancer of the most recent available sample per ASCO/CAP 2018 criteria on the most recently analyzed biopsy. HR(+)/HER2(-) status is defined as ≥1% expression for ER and/or PgR and negative for HER2 (0-1+ by IHC or 2+ and negative by ISH test).
ii. Disease progression to at least one prior endocrine therapy for advanced disease.
iii. Disease progression to previous CDK4/6i-based therapy in any setting. For participants who received CDK4/6i in the adjuvant setting, a minimum of one year of treatment and a disease-free interval (DFI) of ≤12 months are required.
Note: For participants with ER-low positive tumor (defined as ER expression between 1% and 10%) previous therapy with CDK4/6 inhibitors and/or endocrine therapy is permitted but not required.
8. Disease progression to no more than two prior standard of care chemotherapy-based regimens for advanced disease (prior ADC will count as a chemotherapy-based regimen).
Note: Earlier adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy for early breast cancer will be considered as one of the required prior regimens if the development of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease occurred within a 12-month period after treatment completion.
9. Prior treatment with a trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2) ADC and/or topoisomerase I inhibitor or an ADC containing a topoisomerase I inhibitor is only allowed in the (neo)adjuvant setting if the development of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease occurred at least 12 months after treatment completion.
10. Measurable or non-measurable, but evaluable disease, as per RECIST v.1.1.
11. Participants must have adequate bone marrow, liver, and renal function:
i. Adequate hematologic counts without transfusion or growth factor support within two weeks before of study drug initiation (hemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL, ANC ≥ 1500/mm3, and platelets ≥ 100,000/ μL).
ii. Adequate renal and hepatic function (creatinine clearance of ≥ 60 ml/min, may be calculated using Cockcroft-Gault equation; bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN and AST/ALT ≤ 3.0 x ULN or 5 x ULN if known liver metastases).
Note: Participants with a known or genetically confirmed Gilbert's syndrome (based on UGT1A1 polymorphism testing) may be enrolled provided that total bilirubin is \<1.5 × ULN. The diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome must be recorded in the patient's medical history, and if UGT1A1 status is available, the type of mutation should also be documented.
12. Participants must be willing to provide the most recent archival tumor tissue sample (from the primary breast tumor or a metastatic site) at baseline, as well as biological samples (blood and stool) at the established time points.
13. Resolution of all acute toxic effects of prior anticancer therapy to grade ≤1 as determined by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 6.0 (v.6.0) (except for alopecia or other toxicities not considered a safety risk for the participant at investigator's discretion).
14. Women of childbearing potential who are sexually active with a non-sterilized male partner must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 14 days before Study treatment initiation. In addition, they must agree to use one highly effective method of birth control from the time of screening until six months after the last dose of Study treatment. Female participants must refrain from egg cell donation and breastfeeding during this same period.
15. Male participants who are sexually active with a female partner of childbearing potential must be surgically sterile or using an acceptable method of contraception from the time of screening until three months after the last administration of Study treatment. Male participants must not donate or bank sperm during this same period.
16. Participants must be accessible for treatment and follow-up.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Participation in another clinical trial, interventional or observational, until the Study's safety visit.
Note: Participation in retrospective studies or data analysis is allowed.
2. Known leptomeningeal disease or active uncontrolled or symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) metastases as indicated by clinical symptoms, and/or progressive growth are excluded.
Note: Participants with a history of CNS metastases are eligible if they have been previously treated with local therapy, are clinically stable, and off anticonvulsants and steroids for at least 14 days before the first dose of Study treatment.
3. Have a concurrent malignancy or malignancy within three years of Study enrollment with the exception of carcinoma in situ of the cervix, basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has been previously treated with curative intent. For other cancers considered to have a low risk of recurrence, discussion with the Sponsor's Medical Monitor is required.
4. Known allergy or hypersensitivity reaction to any investigational medicinal product(s) (IMP\[s\]) or its (their) incorporated substances.
5. Participants at risk of urinary retention (e.g.,those with prostatic hypertrophy), prior history of glaucoma, both open and closed angle, and previous diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, conditions in which atropine is contraindicated.
6. Requirement for ongoing therapy with any prohibited medications listed in the protocol.
7. Have received prior radiotherapy within two weeks before the first dose of Study treatment (four weeks in case of radiation therapy of the central nervous system). Participants must have recovered from all radiation-related toxicities, not require steroids.
8. Major surgical procedure or significant traumatic injury within 14 days before the first dose of Study treatment or anticipation of need for major surgery within the course of the Study treatment.
9. Known history of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or cardiac heart failure present within six months of study initiation or clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia (other than stable atrial fibrillation) requiring anti-arrhythmia therapy or history of QT interval prolongation.
10. Clinically significant active pulmonary compromise at screening (e.g., ongoing infection, uncontrolled COPD/asthma exacerbation).
Note: Participants with stable chronic lung diseases (e.g., controlled COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis, post-COVID fibrosis) may be enrolled but atropine should be used with caution and participants should be monitored for respiratory complications.
11. Known history of clinically significant bleeding, thrombosis, intestinal obstruction, or gastrointestinal perforation within six months of study initiation.
12. Documented inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or a preexisting chronic condition resulting